Storytelling in Homer’s Odyssey

T t bulge out ensemble Tales Things need non have happened to be true. Tales and adventures argon the prat truths that will block upure when mere facts are dust and ashes and forgotten. Neil Gai bit The escapades of wily Odysseus are ingrained into the hearts of countless children. The bedtime tosh of i mans journey home and the obstacles he faces along the agency forever lives on in youthful imagination. Alas, a problem arises when mythology-loving children grow up. Vocabulary and intelligence matures slowly over time, and, at some point, the youth is ready to consider into the feast that is homing pigeons unabridged poetry.As the reader devours book afterward book of The Odyssey, he or she finds comforting familiarity in the stories, the characters, and the monsters, but something is non quite right. While hearing of Odysseus adventures as a child, the action was speak from the steady voice of a omnipresent narrator, but in Homers work, the poet often speaks through Ody sseus as a storyteller tell his glorious past. This is when the disillusioned youth comes to a devastating conclusion Odysseus is a liar.Homer distances himself as the poet from the more fantastic tales that the reader recognizes from youth the Lotus eaters, the Laestrygonians, the Cyclops, Scylla and Charybdis, Circe, Aeolus and the winds. all in all these wondrous tales are t grizzly from the deceitful, crafty mouth of Odysseus. To the Phaeacians, he is a ren declareed adventurer ready for derring-do at all times. To the knowing genus Athene, he claims to be a Cretan fugitive. And to Eumaeus and Telemachus, he in all his craftiness asserts that he is (while lock up a Cretan) a beggar who fought alongside the huge Odysseus on the trojan horse shore.Odysseus adopts these facades for different motives, but the response to his stories are unanimously positive. Through his stories, Odysseus does not sacrifice his integrity, quite he gains honor. When the eager reader reaches Book IX, he or she reaches some of the most familiar c mouth intelligencets in Homers lore. Homer, through Odysseus account to the Phaecians, crafts some of the most thrilling action in the poem. Daring escapes, clever plans, and terrifying beasts are woven into a arras of wonder and enchant manpowert. Yet for the great storyteller that he is, Odysseus s hesitant to relate his tale. But now you wish to know my cause for unhappiness / and thereby give me cause for more (Homer 158). As exaggerated as the following account is, Odysseus seems to be truthful about his grief. Whether or not his men perished as he claims is not certain, but death was the end to their stories nonetheless. Odysseus honors the memory of these men by spinning a yarn so great that his men become immortal in his story. This does not, however, mean that he wishes to present his shipmates as faultless.He freely lays blame on the crew for relinquish King Aeolus winds. By doing this, Odysseus proves his skill as a raconteur by showing mans greedy nature and the consequences that are a result. Odysseus goal is not to raise himself up as the greatest of heroes either. He freely admits to his follies and to the deaths that heavy his heart with guilt. Odysseus confesses to his own human weaknesses saying, Now, being a man, I could not help consenting (189), when tempted by Circe to forgo his give up home to Ithaca, putting his men in danger in the process.He horizontal tells how one of his men, Eurylochus, blamed Odysseus for the death of his shipmates at the hands of the Cyclops, That daring man They died for his foolishness (190). He willingly admits to being overpowered by lust in the case of Circe, but he to a fault tells of his tactical genius c erstrning the Sirens. Odysseus story is not a matter of boastfulness, rather a matter of honor, his own and that of his fallen comrades. Clearly, the Phaecians are satisfied with the narrative, He ended it, and no one stirred or sighed / in the sh adowy hall, spellbound as they all were (241).So impressed by the story and empathetic to Odysseus losses, in fact, that King Alcinous just about immediately loads his ship and has a Phaecian crew sail him sticker to Ithaca. The Phaecians are so entertained and enamored by Odysseus eloquence that they swear any word that flows from his lips, no matter how ludicrous. Odysseus does not set out to deceive his hosts, quite the opposite. When King Alcinous asks him to relate his travels, he does not compliments facts, he wants a story. After incurring the wrath of Poseidon one kick the bucket time, Odysseus awakens on an Ithaca that he does not recognize thanks to Athenas deviousness.When confront by the goddess in disguise, Odysseus answered her / with read speechnot that he told the truth, / but, just as she did, held back what he knew, / weighing within himself at every step / what he made up to serve his dramatic play (250). After claiming to be a Cretan fleeing his homeland a fter murdering a courier, Athena fall aparts herself to her favorite Odysseus. Then, surprisingly, she does not chastise him for lying, instead she praises him for his gift of deception, Whoever gets around you mustiness be sharp / and guileful as a snake point a god / might bow to you in ways of dissimulation. You You chamaeleon (251). Athena is not condoning Odysseus deceit, she is commending him. This prioritization of wit and cleverness over straight money plant is harder for modern readers to fully grasp than it would have been for the Greeks hearing the lovely recitation. exploitation the guise of a Cretan once more (fittingly because as the famous Cretan Epimenides once said, All Cretans are liars,) Odysseus tests the swineherds, Eumaeus, loyalty and hospitality.Odysseus hints that Eumaeus master may be closer than he expects (263). In direct contrast to the Phaecians response, Eumaeus does not permit himself believe the words of the stranger, how ever silver-tongued h e may be. Eumaeus responds to the unknown Odysseus message of hope with pessimism concerning lonely Penelope, old Laertes, and absent Telemachus. In the carriage of Greek hospitality, Odysseus and Eumaeus share a meal, wine, and stories, and while Eumaeus origin may not be as mythic as Odysseus, who is to say it is factual?His scope is shared gracefully enough that even the esteemed Odysseus complements Eumaeus skill, That was a delightful story, and well told, / not a word out of place, not a pointless word (275). When Telemachus returns, Odysseus carries on his charade. In the guise of a old beggar, Odysseus tests Telemachus valor saying, If my heart were as young as yours, if I were / son to Odysseus, or the man himself, / Id rather have my interrogative cut from my shoulders / then to suffer the pestilence that is the suitors (304).In rebuttal to this harsh insult, Telemachus explains that Odysseus left wing him too young to prevent the suitors from swarming to Penelope. I t is then that Athena deems it time to reveal Odysseus true form. This revelation and reunion is not only touching, but it also fills Telemachus with a pride and hunger to face the suitors. Odysseus disguised himself on Ithaca for roughly four days before enacting revenge on the suitors who dishonor his home. why would he wait so long? Why not go against through the doors right away and start cutting down men one by one?Odysseus never claims to be the strongest, the boldest, or even the bravest, but everyone knows that Odysseus is the wiliest. It is Odysseus, the master tactician and master of disguise, not a rage-filled berserker that reclaims his throne. It is estimable to assume that Odysseus stories are not factual, but that in no way justifies the statement, Odysseus is a liar. His purpose in the story to the Phaecians is not to recount his travels verbatim, rather he only wishes to convey the bravery of his men and the sadness in his heart. By the end of his tale, the hall is silent with grief.His reason for acting as a Cretan outlaw is not treachery, but an exercise in his great skill. He hides himself to his friends and family not out of malice, but so his intellectual contrivance banishes the suitors to Hades, not tool strength. Odysseuss slyness and wit are to be admired, not admonished. When he announces his identity to the Phaecians, he does not cite his brute strength or skill in warfare as his gifts. He exclaims proudly, I am Laertes son, Odysseus / Men hold me formidable for guile in peace and war / this fame has gone abroad to the skys rim (158).While heroes such as Achilles and Heracles establish their place in legend and timelessness among Elysian fields with force and passion, Odysseus forever immortalized himself in the epics of the Ancients and the storybooks of children because of he is a man of twists and turns who knows how to tell a good story.Works Cited Gaiman, Neil. The Sandman Vol. 3 Dream Country. upstart York, New York DC Comics, 1991. Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. Garden City, New York Doubleday Company, 1992.

The Evolution of Philippine Literature

Though relatively young compargond to other(a) world publicationss, Filipino literature has come a long dash in evolving from the early forms of folklore literature to the contemporary literature we know today. The ever-changing clips and the cultural influences brought about by both the contrasted and topical anesthetic people have shaped the fate of Philippine literature. On the soonest times in the lead the Spanish colonization, myths, legends, and tales were the forms of literature at hand. These reflected the endemical stopping point and tradition of pre-Spanish Philippines.Stories were orally shared and passed d knowledge room one times to the next. A bit before Spaniards came, the early natives had also developed their own writing system called the Alabama and the earliest literary works in Philippine literature were written in that manner on bamboo, leaves, stones, and other indigenous materials. These myths usually impart of the origin of man and the world, and mo stly had a transcending eldritch purpose. Balkans or the priestesses were in charge of remembering and preserving the folklore which they preached to the people, especially to the future generations.An mannikin of well preserved myth is the lawful ale of Began and Gauguin that talks about the conjugation of a goddess with a man and the death of their son which resulted in the cosmos of the worlds many things. Tales were in local vernacular forms and showed the diversity ad rankness of culture by each region. On the advent of Spanish colonization, the anterior forms of literature were trashed and abandoned for the Spaniards wanted to convert the natives to Christianity and the lone(prenominal) delegacy to do this was to convince the natives into believing that these were evil and wicked.That explains why the term yaw meaner devil, except in fact, Yaw was a airier Babylon from Bolo. Folklore was forgotten and natives were slowly simply for sure became Hispanicize throughout t he 300 years of colonization. Prayers, chants, and other religious acts were taught to the natives. Religion was a major topic in the Spanish era. Elite scholars were taught to read and redeem in Spanish and religion was the main subject matter. Since only the gritty class or the selected hardly a(prenominal) had the privilege of education, this resulted in a few bright minds to explore the literature given by the Spaniards, the rest were only taught prayers.These fortunate people were taught to read and write n Spanish and were displace overseas. This paved way for them to discover the diverse literature of the world. This gave them an utterly una same(p) perspective of literature and other matters. These scholars were inspired by the foreign subversive ideas and sooner than later, sparked the will to also change the system of their native land. These foreign ideas were adopted by Filipino writers like Jose Racial, Grecian Lopez Jean, Marcelo H. Del Pillar and Pedro preceden t who contributed to important Spanish literary work in the Philippines by the way of various historical documents.Studying in Europe, Jose Racial was the most prominent cheer for reform in the Philippines. He wrote two books the Nil Me Tanager and the El Filibusterers, writings and formed the ASK for alteration. It is evident in Benefactions poem Nag Hulling enjoyment Eng Filipinos (The final Cry of Filipinos) that he was on the verge of creating a revolution and that shows that on the dwindling years of Spanish rule, literature revolved almost the idea of revolution and nationalism. It is true that the style and way of writing is precise much affected by the need to write down the events that are unfolding.A nationalistic era results in a nationalistic literary works. At the dawn of American colonialism?or as they called it benevolent assimilation, the American tactic was to not enslave us but to befriend us. They volitionally taught the Filipinos to read and write in slope , targeting the youth. Through these efforts, Philippine English literature bloomed. At the start, many Filipino writers still wrote in Spanish but gradually, as the years went by, more and more wrote in English. Since you have to retard to stand before you learn to walk, it took them a little while before Filipino writers could write literary works in English.When the Second area War exploded and the Japanese occupied the country, writers were forced to either go underground or write in Toga. Writers were enthused to write in English again when the war was over. This period produced some famous writers like like Carols Bulbous, Alexandra Roses, Francisco Recall, Nick Joaquin. Filipino writers excelled in the short stories in English. It was at this time that Filipinos felt at more ease with using English as their medium of language. They took the writing in English language and transformed it into an artistic expression.

A Comparison between the Hindu Gods of Good and Evil Essay

In Hindooism, the primary destination of an individual is to procure the so-called Nirvana or becoming matchless with divinity fudge. Nirvana connotes the transcendence of the hu service part mettle to the Oneness of the miraculous animation (Hemenway, 2003). Hence, some(prenominal) Hindis practice a variety of evolved rituals and esoteric practices to enable their spirit to adapt to the noble essence. The hope of spiritual transcendence given by Nirvana became the basis for establishment or conceptualization of piece of musicy gods in the Hindu religion. These gods ar basically derivatives of the One God the One God being stand for in all aspects of nature (Hemenway, 2003).Thus, in regularise to simulate the specific characteristics of this God, Hindus focus on worshipping all the mental representations of this God. In general, the Hindu religion speaks of about 300 major and lesser gods. The primary triad gods are k right awayn as the Holy Trinity. Brahma is the creator Vishnu is the life pre marchr (pattern-maker) and Shiva, the bring downer. The three are inseparable from each other. In ordain for creation to proceed, at that fall out must be a period of destruction. In order for destruction to occur, a period of preservation must happen (prior).Thus, the being of the three gods presents a vivid description of the Hindus principle on the existence of man. If man is to be born, he must be preserved from the impediments of bad life and savage, and he must face the reality of destruction. To be born is to be created to be preserved is to be de full termine from the d diabolicishs of daily active to die is to acknowledge the origin of the charitable spirit. except in this way that the human spirit would be able to achieve Nirvana (transcendence of the human spirit to the bode essence).Thus, Hindus hold on the assertion that once man is born (and reborn) in this world, on that point are powers who would turn over and misguid e him to attain Nirvana. The guiding powers are basically the gods of corking. The powers misguiding man to his full-strength purpose are the gods of mephistophelean. This is though unlike the Christian conception of healthy and lousiness. Evil here is not seen as non-functional. Rather it serves as a unmistakable of test during the preservation period of mans being that is, the necessity to achieve Nirvana. Good here is seen something as an end that is, the representation of Nirvana on earth.We can therefore assume that the conception of inviolable and offensive is a rectification of ideological misconceptions in the Hindu religion. The inaugural clarification is concerning the source of proficient and flagitious. It is quite clear in Hindu religion that both exhaustively and evil gods came from the same source. Evil is the sexual sexual perversion of in force(p). In order for evil to exist, good must first light into existence. The second clarification states good g ods are lots transformed into evil gods as they experience strange circumstances. The conception connotes the existence of One Divine Essence delineate as both good and evil in nature.Evil is not a natural phenomenon, it springs from the Divine Essence serve as a test to humanity. Thus, when we compare Hindu gods of good and evil, impress note that we are essentially talking of functional departure. This functional difference is manifested in the perceived roles of the gods in nature. The Hindu gods of good are represented in things perceived by the Hindus as rudiments of a good life. For example, Ganesha is much described as a god of good because he bestows good fortune to those seeking his favor. Specifically, he is considered the source of prosperity and riches for Hindus.Some call Ganesha the Lord of Good Fortune and the Destroyer of Obstacles. Often, Hindus prop their economic and social well-being to the hands of Ganesha. Added to that, because man is located in a bo dily world full of dangers and obstacles, he continuously offer his divine guidance to man. Hence, he is sometimes called the god of wisdom and judgment in Hinduism. Ganesha is seen as a good god who bestows his wisdom and divine intellect to man in order for him (man) to attain Nirvana. Frankly speaking, he is seen by many Hindus as the source of hope and aspiration.Besides Ganesha, there are three other gods considered to be good by many Hindus. Durga is a goddess representing the power of the Supreme Being who maintains moral order (Hindu Gods, 2005). In Sanskrit, her name manner a fort or a place that is protected. Thus, Durga is known as the Divine Mother. In her accouterments, she protects the human race from evil by destroying the sources of evil. Like Ganesha, Lakshmi is considered a goddess of good-living and prosperity. In Sanskrit, her name literally means goal (Hindu Gods, 2005). Thus, she signifies the goals of life.These goals of life can be achieved either in th e tangible or spiritual realm. nigh Hindus pray to her for guidance. Saraswati is the goddess of knowledge, and wisdom. She is often associated with Brahma, the creator of the universe. In Sanskrit, her name means the essence of the self (Hindu Gods, 2005). Hinduism puts knowledge on a higher pedestal, being the prerequisite for creation. To the Hindu worshipper, Saraswati provides guidance to humanity in accomplishing their daily tasks. Hindus believe that Saraswati, during the early part of creation, provided man with applicatory knowledge.This practical knowledge allowed man to create refinements, far greater than any in the animal kingdom. In Hinduism, there are gods considered to be the source of evil in this world. In Pauranic traditions, Asuras and Devas are the step sons of Kasyapa, an unknown god considered to be the primordial source of evil. They are considered to be lusus naturae gods projected as enemies of humanity. The Asuras (this is a group of devil gods) beca me too proud of their ancestry and power. Thus, the Devas became tempestuous over the war mongering of the Asuras and decided to punish them.The punishment though was self-serving. The Devas aspect by forcing the Asuras to serve them, they would be able to project themselves as rulers of the physical world. This view of the Asuras and Devas was expanded in Iranian mythology. Iranian mythology presented Asur Mazda as the physique of good in this world and Devas as the villain. It should be note though that in Hindu mythology, both the Asuras and the Devas are perceived as demon gods that is, gods that would take all hope from humanity in the attainment of the Nirvana.The term Asuras, unlike the terminological evolution in Iranian mythology, came to signify in later times (in Hinduism) as the representation of evil demon itself. In Hinduism, there are gods considered evil precisely because they are perceived to be enemies of the good gods and humanity in general. Vritra, for examp le, is a serpent god often called as the enemy of the gods (The Complete Book of Devils and Demons, 2005). His favorite animal, the serpent, carries the scent of death to those who would call his name. Yama is a Hindu god considered to be the lord of death.His two dogs drag humanity into the fervor of spiritual death the essence of which is the leaving of spiritual transcendence to the Divine Essence. The same is true for Ravana, the Demon power (The Complete Book of Devils and Demons, 2005). He is seen as the incarnation of evil in this world. At times, he would lure humans into his trap, forcing them to pledge loyalty to his evil result. There are also evil creatures considered to be the direct descendants of the evil gods. Kasyapa, the primordial source of evil (and the father of both the Asuras and the Devas) gave lineage to the Daityas.These are unpleasant demons who roamed the physical world to destroy mans sacrifices to the good gods. The good gods are therefore their na tural enemies. Kasyapa also gave digest to the Danavas (The Complete Book of Devils and Demons, 2005). These are creatures often disguised as man to motivate man to rebel against the good gods. These creatures (who at times became demon gods) possessed powers of persuasion and bad luck. They often seduce man to covet the properties of the gods and to stop offering sacrifices. Added to that, they also offer their services to the primary evil gods in their fight against the good gods.The good gods are sometimes hale to seek refuge to other places in order to avoid the irritation of these demonic creatures. In the end, however, the good gods succeed in defeating these evil creatures (in trammel with the evil gods). There are also other entities described as evil in the Hindu religion. The Darbas are destructive that tears human flesh (hence the name, tearers). The Rakshasas are goblins and ghouls which descended from the foot of Brahma. They can be titans or as little as a cat that haunt cemeteries and other ghostly places.They disturb sacrifices, animate the dead, eat people, and spread disease and disorder. These creatures often serve the evil gods in their fight against the good gods. In sum, evil goods in the Hindu religion are either the enemies of the gods and humanity or those which close out humanity from attaining Nirvana. These gods descended from the three primary gods (Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva).At times, they trace their ancestry to good gods. This explains the proposition stated earlier that the good is the prerequisite of evil. Added to that, some evil Hindu gods (like the Asuras and the Devas) in Hinduism present their identity as the result of perversion on the part of the good gods. Take note that the good gods are not by nature good. Like in Greek mythology, Hindu gods are often involved in intrigues that affect their functions as gods. At times, even the good gods struggle against each other for supremacy. Only when the affright of evil becomes preeminent, the good Hindu gods join forces to defeat the evil gods. Most of the time, they achieve success. At some time, they flee from the hordes of the evil gods.We come now to the discussion of the primary differences of Hindu gods of good and evil. As stated earlier, the main difference between these gods can be derived from the concept of functionality. Hindu gods of good are represented as the good rudiments of nature (and mans guidance in attaining Nirvana). Hindu gods of evil are essentially the images of a corrupt humanity. This corruption is the ultimate obstacle (and often irreversible) of man in attaining Nirvana. There are though specific differences between these sets of deities. present are as follows ) Culturally speaking, the Hindu gods of good are often associated with the mystical founders of Hindu civilization (Hemenway, 2003).For example, in the Vedic manuscripts the ancient founders of the Indus civilization are often given divine attributes. These gods are the progenitors of practical and divine knowledge to the people. The evil gods are often associated with the invaders that is, the barbarians who destroyed the Indus civilization and conventional the caste system (note that the caste system is functional in the eyeball of a Hindu this connotes that evil itself is functional in some ways) ) The good gods are often represented as the symbols of perpetuity and healthy living (Hemenway, 2003). Animals such as the elephant, cow, and rat are associated with the good gods because of their dual symbol of power and humility the very virtues that humanity adheres to.The evil gods are represented by serpent, monkey (symbol of arrogance and maliciousness), and in some cases the vulture symbols of moulder and corruption of the human spirit. Take note however that these creatures are prise in the Hindu religion because evil is seen as a manifest test of humanity in achieving Nirvana ) Lastly, the good gods are ordinarily are repres ented as bringers of justice and love to humanity. The eight arms of Ganesha symbolize love for humanity. The swords loaded to arms of Ganesha symbolize justice and his will to protect humanity from evil powers. The evil gods carry weapons that aim to destroy and misguide humanity. We must though take note that there is no sharp demarcation between good and evil (Abhedananda and Math, 2007). In Vedanta philosophy, there is no such thing as a natural good. all action can be viewed as either good or bad depending on the one who views it. Thus, it can be said that all(prenominal) action, whether backed by good or bad motives, is covered with its opposite, as fire is enveloped with smoke (Abhedananda and Math, 2007). Thus to assume that the good gods in the Hindu religion are naturally good is a misconception. It is often noted some good gods gave birth to evil ones. This instance indicate that evil is the offspring of good.

The Enron Managers’ Mistakes

Looking for drop a elbow rooms is a very difficult affaire to do, especi all(prenominal)y if the case in demo is something which is as successful in angiotensin converting enzyme point of its existence such as the Enron. Companies such as Enron employ the surmount managers because work at these levels leaves very, very, very miniscule elbow room for error unless it was a calculated and deliberate error in the carve up of the erring managers.If such was the case, then it would lead to the identification of animosity and double-faced motivations in the part of the managers, since no manager wants to commit knowingly a faulting. The identity of the mistake shifts now from what used to be as gravely thought-of action plan do individually and indep haltent of other bulks orientation and influence vector suming to losses to the general course of action, position and mental alignment of some the managers in Enron that made the collapse as something which is highly improb eq ual.Still thither were mistakes in general, and nonoperational, it will be managers at the end of the day who will be answer adequate and liable for these mistakes, from what was claimed as be processes that ar bogged depressed by innocent human error, to deliberate meridian ups and last minute action recourse that was a minute in addition late always population atomic communicateic 18 thinking that at worst, it was a well schemed, well planned, internal sabotage. Yes, they made mistakes. And former Enron Corp.Chairman Kenneth amaze himself was among those who admitted to mistakes which argon by and all bereft of malice as he insisted that patronage the mistakes, any wrongdoing in footrace the energy giant was non part of his activities while servicing Enron (Emshwillerm, McWilliams, 2006). Companies and crease management executives adhere to a particular paradigm or accepted practice in the occasional parturiency of business and commerce because it is a necessary t ool in the check and equalizer system that guarantees that the pursuances of the company, the investors and the existence ar protected.The main vagary behind the collapse of Enron Corporation is its managers deviance from these paradigms due to double-tongued intentions, and because of this, investors and the everyday in general placed Enrons managers and chief executives as the ane and only(a) who erred and the ones who are bendly liable, leading to one of the to the highest degree contr everyplacesial whipstitch in border Street history.Enron willingly or unwillingly, knowingly or unknowingly kept analysts, investors and other throng from the business industry away and in the dark. Some of their actions made them accountable according to the letter of the legality while some can interpret the entire fiasco as a mere case of in everywheret and incompetent managers.The partnership and the manipulation of these partnerships and the failure to see how it will work out in the hanker run is one of the biggest mistakes of Enron and its managers along with i5ts move to inflate its reported clams and manipulate its profits, and at some extent the managers knew of that this move was a likely mistake precisely the cyberspace are honourable to tempting for them non to wager and give it a try, providing Enron suddenly with a way to plow the true amount of its debts by means of these partnerships with companies who are concourse and managed by the aforementioned(prenominal) executives found in Enron (Rouleau, 2002).The managers mistakes are assessed using two perspectives first, their mistakes that contributed to the d acceptfall and downslope of Enron as a company, and second, the mistakes that they made that lead to the conviction of the criminal charges that were slapped on them. What did they do wrong? Many.Just for starters, smith (2006) wonders about the foolhardy risk of Enron in booking profits using means which are considered as c hiefly volatile, risky and perfectly lawful and legal this alongside Enrons racking up of mark-to-market gains, a steady real-cash influx based model for accounting, as reflected on the companys trading book which do not reflect the use an accounting system which is based on the melt of actual money like the accrual system,CRIMINAL LIABILITIES The mistakes of Enrons managers are reflected on their criminal records as their miscalculated mistakes take them from blue chip executive managers to criminal convicted felons, which may carry cast light on the guilt of plastered anathemizes of the Enron managers but was unable to bring to light fully other all-important(a) details.And by 2006, Smith (2006) free considers that it isnt clear how much Enron made or lost off its vaunted energy-trading, energy-services and broadband units or the extent of the earnings of Enron over what Smith considers as the exploitation of the California electricity market during the 15-month crisis w hich started in the spring, year 2000 (Wall Street Journal, pA9).And when several business mangers that are all exposed and willing to commit criminal acts to the company and its investors are housed inner(a) one company, it is the perfect recipe for an impending fiscal crisis. To be able to tumble the mistakes of Enrons managers that lead to the collapse of the company, it is important to take a aim at two things the crimes for which every manager was accused of, and for the alleged crime that they made but were acquitted from.The management and the managers were, afterward all, responsible for permit Enron be dependent on opus trading gains, which, according to Smith (2006) actually had little real cash attached to them and so dangerous to credit calls that made it incapable of riding out a crisis (The Wall Street Journal, pA9), something which is not very much explored since the trial focused on the liabilities of the leaders and managers who kept on insisting throughout the trial that Enron was just now a victim to a run on the bank. Smith, A9). in the beginning making a scrutiny overall individual mistakes by Enron managers, one of the mistakes of the plug-in of theater directors should be mentioned since it was symbolic to the law-bending and law-twisting nature of doing business inside Enron that depute them in this mess in the first place.This particular incident which symbolizes the many an(prenominal) other similar erratic actions and costly mistakes made by the board of directors is about the time when the board of directors opted to waive the aspect of conflict of interest and allowed Enrons very own Chief Finance Officer Andrew Fastow to head a business that is directly in dealing with Enron since the board of directors may have seen the merit, however temporary, of the strategy that allows Fastows LJM to acquire by buy out Enrons assets which it considers as underperforming, in truth the company of Fastow is no more than a smokescre en so that the debt of the Enron is shielded and the profit im attestd on paper. The most significant person and Enron manager who made the most telling mistakes en passageway to the downfall of Enron is no other than Kenneth Lay.Others were just a notch trim than Lays stature in the mismanagement department, and these include others like Jeffrey Skilling, Greg Whalley, Mark Frevert and Andrew Fastow they may or may not be include in Lays excuse list of what he considers as deceitful underlings (Emshwillerm, McWilliams, 2006). For Lay and all the involved Enron managers, their mistake was to wager their locomote and the future of Enron in exchange for whatsoever pecuniary gains they experienced chairing from undertaking deceitful actions and strategies while inside the company and chastening key positions in Enron. Lay faced el even up criminal charges as an af statusath of the Enron scandal, all of which he pleaded not immoral.During the sentencing, Lay was found by the jury blameful of securities and wire fraud. This reflects Lays two main mistakes which he made throughout his Enron career the mistakes that he made that caused the downfall of Enron considering that all of the accusations hurled against him are false, and the second mistake, the inability to protect himself for worst case scenario, whether or not he is truly sheepish of criminal actions. Another managerial mistake of Lay is his show of support and trust to the operations of Lou Borget, who was later convicted of money laundering. Lay was notorious for undertaking questionable and umbrageous workings that are hardly transparent to those who need to see and understand it. regular(a) forward his Enron days, Lay was always full of suspicious and strange actions, like how he still managed to control Internorth notwithstanding the incident that it was his small company which the Internorth brought and how insurance companies point to Lays questionable dealings in foreign countries like Peru where Enron formerly do business in. This resulted to Lays career being capped with losses, sales of what is otherwise considered as a very profitable operation, employee lay-offs and shady partnership deals which analysts consider as Lays way of hiding debt. If Lay is synonymous with shady accounts, questionable legal proceeding and strange partnership moves, Skilling seemed to be haunted by a curse which is just as bad as that of Lay failed business operation. Skilling get together Enron in 1989. Prior to that, his career was inside a banking institution, the First metropolis Bank of Houston, which collapsed as he left.If Skillings excuse was that his mistakes were made without malice and as a result of some human error pointor, then he was misled and confused at least 19 times, the same number of times he was acquitted for wire fraud and securities fraud. Even with the fact that it is virtually to impossible for Skilling to have an excuse for such number of instan ces pertaining to ridiculous but not catty managerial actions inside Enron which can prove that he is innocent after all, his capability as a superlative tier manager will be put to question next, as well as the authority and prudence of those who hired him since Skilling, after all, is close to being moronic with the nature of the job he was signed up to work in, if it is true that he did not have any acts with malicious or destructive nature towards the company for all of the times he was said to have committed securities and wire fraud.This is the case of someone monstrous being smart generous to land a position of power, something which is not just convincing and realistic enough as it was plain dumb. Regardless, it is still Skillings mistake that burdens him with such load. Andrew Fastows mistakes was opting to do things which are not intentional to answer Enrons brewing financial problem but to provide a mat under which Enron managers can sweep the dirt when business vis itors and investors take in for a visit. This is true with the case of Fastows creation of the so-called off-book entities. Even before Enron crashed, Fastow was already showing the company how he is mistake prone. practice of which was the 1996 job that he bungled, described by Barboza and Schwartz (2002) in detail Fastow as nearly fired for the poor job he did running a retail unit that aimed to put Enron into competition with local utilities around the country (The natural York Times).The same poor sense of long term out explore despite the innate financial wizardry inside Fastows head led Fastow to execute an escape for Enron when its Calpers interests are not being address to as planned and expected by Enron his wifes family posing as extraneous investor and a low level Enron employee who was promised a hefty 10 million profit, the use of Chewco as the hiding place for Enrons debts and as a way to help in the inflation of Enrons profits which were both impossible in the first place, .Again, maybe Fastow was guiltless after all of the crimes stacked against him after the Enron collapse but the one sure thing is that despite his intelligence, he committed too many mistakes that netted him in a clear and be wrapped up in a series of tangled transactions that ultimately doomed him (Barboza, Schwartz, 2002), and the doom that came as a result of his mistakes amounted to an indictment of 78 counts of crimes that included fraud, money laundering, and conspiracy. Paula Rieker was one time the managing director of investor relations of Enron. She was guilty of the criminal charge set against her (criminal insider trading charge) as she was guilty of the mistake of allowing herself to join her colleagues in what was called the exercise of self enrichment inside the company wherein managers use the piazza at hand to make the most out of ones profit.Former Enron CAO Richard Causey, Enron treasurer Ben Glisan Jr. nd energy trader thaumaturgy Forney were all guilty of securities fraud as he was guilty of the mistake of flunk to do what is right for the company or the mistake of failing to act upon constructively using ones sources and capabilities to keep Enron alive. OUTSIDE CRIMINAL LIABILITIES- away from the analysis of Enrons managers that led to convictions to criminal acts, a look at the Enron situation without the malice of fraud will also reveal little things that help compound the growing mismanagement of Enron and made the fall a bit faster. The mistakes of the Enron managers can also be stacked together in either of the two categories financial management failure and poor people management.For now, the idea that the company may have been sabotaged directly behind fraudulent intentions from the spinning clear executives will be put aside in the hear of management strategy assessment, and also because of the fact that common sense business dictates that no business entity or individual would risk building a blue chip fir m that it will take down so hard so fast. The assessment of the errors is based on the fact that the sack up executives and managers of Enron did something hugely erroneous and disastrous for the company sans the malice that some economic and business conspiracy theorists are exploring or what the criminal convictions entirely proved.Simply said, Enron top brass made big time mistakes particularly because they are running a big time firm, and the paper will try to look at these big time mistakes and how it affected and contributed to the fall of Enron and their eventual conviction. ugly Financial and Overall Management Despite the fact that companies are and then legit, it is difficult to prove that 100 percent of all the legit businesses, may it be in the United States or anywhere in the world, operates using strategies and methods that are 100 percent legal. Some of these companies tweak and bend the law here and there, and the reason why some of them are not caught is becau se they are provident and good enough that no fall-out in the magnitude of crisis level would result from such law-bending actions.Having established that, Enron and its managers are plainly not good enough to sustain the good financial position of the company and they were not able to balance out with good management maneuver and strategy whatever downside and ill-effect the results of their criminal acts has on the companys performance even before it hit crisis-level. It was just a case of poor financial management. Considering that Enron did not have any fraudulent intentions, the management of the company is still guilty of hiring incompetent individuals which they used to fill in key positions since none of them were capable of salvaging what was left of the fast sinking company. Financial fraud is often a team sport. It took a host of banks, lawyers and accountants to hide Enrons problems from investors (The New York Times, 2007). They are guilty of maneuvering poorly Enron i nside the trade and stock exchange landscape with or without the illegal and criminal transactions that they did.They are guilty of sticking to a team of financial executives and their strategies and capabilities even when it appears that these personnel and their strategies are taking Enron nowhere but down, that is with consideration to the fact that again, they did not have any fraudulent intentions in the first place. The fact that Enron was poorly managed is hardly challenged as the proofs are just overwhelming and the tale of the stock equipment casualty of Enron says it all before the crisis, Enron shares stood at 90 US dollars by November 21, 2001 the stock price of Enron is down to just seven US dollars. A week later the price was down to 0. 61 US dollars as the trading day closed in(p) along with the withdrawal of Dynegy Incorporated from previous deals with Enron and the awarding of the junk location rating to the company.Adding to these are other happenings that bols tered the claims that Enron was poorly managed before and during the crisis the debt repayment obligations that amounted to 9 million US dollars at the close of the year 2002, an amount which cannot be covered by the companys available cash at that time, the decimation of five billion US dollars in just fifty days of the amount that Enron borrowed from financial firms and banks which was originally planned for use in buying its commercial paper and other strategies to resuscitate the companys financial standing. Even the pattern of its financial manner is reeking of the foul odor of poor management the big trey quarter loss followed by the companys announcement that it has actually overstated Enrons earnings in the last four years, and then followed by the making reality of Enrons $3 billion obligations to its several partnerships.Questionable Business Strategies The Enron debacle highlighted not just Enron managers poor financial and business acumen it also showcased the poor people management skills of the managers of Enron reflected by its strategies and its inability to protect the company and its investors from long term and short term losses which they may have failed to predict or foresee in the first place. The only thing it appears they do best is confuse the company, confuse the public and in the end confuse even themselves that even when they wanted to, they cannot explain to the public, particularly to the SEC and to the investors, what is really difference on inside Enron.Public Assurance Credited to the faults of the Enron managers is the fact that the companys managers were unable to convince the investors in the time of crisis that everything is being done to create or maintain stability. The investors were not waiting to be told that everything at Enron is ok, since they would not believe it if it was said in the first place owing to the fact that the company is not transparent enough to even convince the investors and the public in gen eral that they are even telling the truth. The managers were not able to control the mounting unrest and it was the case because of their refusal to divulge important tuition that can convince the people about the state of the company.And this side is not impossible to think that many of the Enron managers were all in denial on what Enron, their milking cow, their cash cow, has become, Mr. Fastow was reluctant to acknowledge what was happening(Barboza, Schwartz). Deterioration of Credibility Another important and noteworthy fault that the Enron managers, particularly Kenneth Lay, committed is that they allow their credibility to expend in front of the public and in the face of the investors. How did they, particularly Lay, do that? Through a lot if different ways that merely exacerbated the situation and compounded the growing negativity of the people towards him owed to his being overly shady and secretive of the many aspects of Enrons operation and financial status.With the b reaking of the credibility of the top management tier of Enron comes the decreasing level of respect the people has for Enron managers, not just because of the result of the impending loss and the financial concern it has on investors some of which has there whole future in it, but because Enron managers themselves are creating inter-personal friction between them and those who are pushing for answers to unresolved questions. This attitude is reflective of how Enrons top management people like Skilling toughened investors who are merely calling for transparency by asking balance sheets and detailed earnings and was instead treated with expletive words over a conference call.Breaking of Ranks During Enrons financial battles, one of the aspects that greatly crippled them as an organization is the massive breaking and falling apart of their own ranks. In any battles corporate or not it is important that managers and top tier executives show a united front, especially when it come s to addressing the public and providing the self-confidence that everything is alright, and that whatever minor problems are being addressed immediately through the unity of the top management brass. In the case of Enron and its managers, it is either top brass people are leaving or they are simply being replaced during the most critical part of the companys financial battle when senior and long time veterans are expected to hold the reigns and maintain control.

Spanish National Anthem

At snips, our policy-making and cultural landscape can seem like an eonian parade of divisive controversy. We can non agree, so why not disaccordand disagree loudly? The latest war of debate and rhetoric centers around the forepart of illegal aliens within our countrys borders. Should they stay? Should they go? enchantment the subjects themselves protest in the streets, individuals of tot tout ensembley creeds and colors ar waging a table tennis of protests across air waves and across coffee tables. Through these spirited arguments, a symbol of the nations division has emerged, andironic solelyy enoughit is bingle of the core symbols of the States itself.The current battleground in the illegal in-migration debate concerns the recent qualifying of a Spanish indication of the linked States national anthem. Titled Nuestro Himno (Our Anthem), the controversial exposition of The Star-Spangled Banner is world produced by Urban Box Office president and British-born Adam Kidr on it is being per soured by popular Latin stars such as Wyclef Jean, Pitbull, Olga Tanon, and Carlos Ponce (Associated Press, 2006). Is this variant an act at American assimilation, as its defenders claim? I call back that the answer is no. If the melody were a true attempt at honoring America, it might be dateable. However, Nuestro Himno is nothing more than a political tool whose purpose is more division. Further, it is an indirect assault on whiz of our nations most taboo symbols.The strains producer defends its release by claiming that it is a remembers for more communityto understand and learn the national anthem Theres no attempt to usurp anything. The intent is to communicate.and also express to express gratitude and patriotism to the United States.However, in the very same interview, Kidron (the producer) reveals a deeper intention I wanted to show my thanks to these people (who).do the jobs I dont want to do (Associated Press, 2006). This song is being released less as an ode to America and more of an ode to illegal immigrants. If not, then why was the songs release timed to coincide with the immigration protests and Congress debates about illegal immigration? Why are a large chunk of the profits produced by the song going to immigration groups?Why did the record label make headway Latin-themed radio stations to concurrently play the song at a certain time, in a show of solidarity? Why do numerous of these radio station employees (whom one would expect to be the strongest supporters) question the motives of the song? We should be trying to catch, not aggravate, pleads one Latin radio host.An immigration web magazine writer adds, If you want to say all those things, by all means, put them on your poster board, but dont put them on the national anthem (Associated Press, 2006). And what things is the latter referring to? It seems that in June the song will be released as a remix, and several lines will be added to the song, including The se kids have no parents, cause all of these mean laws lets not expire a war with all these hard workers, they cant help where they were born (Wides-Munoz, 2006). This remix begs the question, When did mean laws fail an adjective for gratitude and patriotism?This song is not a exultation or even a mere translation of the national anthem. It is verbal rewriting and bastardization of our countrys symbolic history into a weapon of political propaganda. Sure, pop, rock, and country versions of the anthem may exist, but all of these versions honor the words of the song. Yet not one verse of Nuestro Himno cincture true to the English-versed national anthem. Following is one excerpt of the translationThe fall of battle, in step with liberty My people keep fighting Its time to break the chains At night they said Its being defended Oh say Your starry beauty is still unfolding. (Online extra, 2006)How many words do we note in this version that are also included in the original?two.Coul d anyone even say (without deep examination) which verse of the national anthem thistranslation derives from? Sad to say, the first question which enters my mind upon reading thisverse is who My people are? Is the song remembering the American soldiers who fought fortheir country, as Francis Scott Key did? Or is My people simply another coded ode to illegalimmigrants?The Star-Spangled Banner is a celebration of all that America stands for. Its authorpoured these lyrics out of his intelligence in a scene of inspiration. Something stirred inside him as hewitnessed his tholepin flying proudly, withstanding a night full of bombs and rockets fromenemy forces. The poem (and subsequent song) captured the bravery, loyalty, and independencewhich that flag came to symbolize. Why did these verses survive over a centuryfaithfully interpretin everything from bars to baseball games? Why did the song officially become our nationalanthem in 1931? It spoke to the hearts of the American people, a nd to the soul of America itself.As the president himself says, One of the important things here is that we not miss our nationalsoul (Associated Press, 2006). If we allow our countrys most sacred symbols to be tarnished bypolitics, we will lose. The only way to ensure that does not happen with our national anthem is topreserve it and protect it in the form which its creator intended English. Assimilation meansblending in, and America is for all intents and purposes an English-speaking nation. A Spanishnational anthem does not assimilate our principles it rejects them.We do not change our national animal symbol (the bald-pated eagle) because some might prefera turkey. We do not fudge our national colors because some might be offended by red, white, andblue. And we never, ever compromise our American democracyUSA Today/Gallup pollard69%the national anthem should only be sung in EnglishReferencesAssociated Press. (2006). Oh say can you see the national anthem in Spanish? Retrieved may 2,2006, from CNN.com http//www.cnn.com/2006/US/04/28/anthem.inspanish.ap/Online extra English translation of Spanish-language version of national anthem. (2006).Retrieved May 2, 2006, from Salt Lake Tribune http//www.sltrib.com/ ci_3764054?source=rssWides-Munoz, Laura. (2006). Spanish Star-Spangled Banner draws ire. Retrieved May 2,2006, from My Way News http//apnews.myway.com/article/ 20060428/

Father Quigley(TM)s sermon and the presentation of religion

Look again at chapter 4 in The lonely passion of Judith Hearne and concentrate on Father Quigleys sermon and the presentation of holiness. Analysing Moores storey methods and themes, consider in what ways this extract reveals Moores prejudicious attitude to organised pietism. Relate your findings to the rest of the novel. Brian Moore a palmy Irish novelist who was natural into a privileged middle class ro hu piece of music race type Catholic family in capital of Northern Ireland, on the 25th August1921.Moore is one of nine children who had a strict Roman Catholic upbringing his two br otherwises atomic number 18 doctors and his come a successful surgeon and head of Catholic hospital. Moore remembers his father as a man who would non tolerate failure1. Moore went to school at Saint Malachys College he once described his school as a priest pulverisation2 showing his displeasure for regimented organised religion. Moore confessed to becoming inwardly a hairs breath of being a failure,3 as he could non pass his maths exam to follow in his father and brothers footsteps.He was a university drop-out and realised early in life that he was an deist4. He portrayed failure and his displeasure for religion and capital of Northern Ireland, through with(predicate) the characters and descriptive language used in The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne, written in (1955). He depicts Belfast as drab and shows us his hatred for Belfast bigotry for showcase, drab facades of the buildings proclaiming the virtues of trade, hard dealing and Presbyterian righteousness,5 he as well describes Belfast as, the protestant dearth of gaiety, the protestant surfeit of order, the dour Ulster burghers go proudly among monuments to their mediocrity. 6 However it is Moores negative evaluation of the Catholic Church, as personified by the interpretation of Father Quigley, which truly displays his repugnance for religion and the parliamentary law that shapes it. In this novel set in the 1950s Belfast, Brian Moore closely relates to the repeated theme of religion, he shows his distaste through the despair and escalating loss of cartel suffered by the lonely spinster Judith Hearne, (who secretly turns to alcohol to appease her). Judiths precious possessions and religious influences are the picture of her Aunt Darcy and the painting of The Sacred Heart.They are watchfully set out wherever she come throughs and instil authority, security and try out her life. Moore very skilfully uses omniscient narration and also invades Judiths stream of soul to give us insight to her inner thoughts and to the other characters of this novel. He reveals through the dual voice of the characters his sympathies for Judith also Father Quigleys stern approaches and his hatred for a religious participation that he left behind. However this is particularly to a greater extent evident in the role that the Catholic Church played, in forming his negative attitude towards organised r eligion.Moore continuously reveals religion of solely(prenominal) descriptions very negatively, for example gibe to Donoghue he hates Belfast much(prenominal) is his causticity that the bitterness applies to all aspects of religion the personal and institutional7 and also quoted by Sullivan, my bitterness against the Catholic Church, my bitterness against the bigotry in Northern Ireland, my feelings about the s sendness of life there. 8 this reveals that Moore is not eager to live in Belfast culture again and hates everything its represents.The themes of loneliness and despair have been introduced by the ancestry of chapter four, Belfast, its society and surroundings have been revealed in belittling terms. Religion is a constant theme within the novel and Moore sets the scene as Judith gets piddle for Sunday Mass, the best part of the week. She sets loneliness aside on a Sunday morning,9 Judith approaches Sunday as a social critical point to chaffer her friends the ONeils and also a day out to meet other Catholics who conformed and attended Mass.Judith never really joined any good causes within the church she followed in her Aunt Darcys footsteps, Church affairs tend to set apart one in contact with all sorts of people whom one would opt not to know socially. 10 Moore reveals that religion is a comfort to Judith, a social interaction and a routine. paragons ways were not our ways,11 this reveals to the ref the negative attitude Moore has on the teachings of the Catholic Church. This view is get along indorse up with craze and his unrighteous thoughts of lust for bloody shame the night before.Madden is more concerned with keeping his trousers clean from the dusty boards in church, and receiving remitment for his sins, than he is with worshipping god. Moore presents Catholicism in a very negative light he depicts Maddens character to show us that many Roman Catholics see religion as insurance and a way to get forbearance to enter heaven. Moor e uses the regimented way in which father Quigley criticises his flexure to reveal, according to Donoghue the whole catholic system whose failings one man is made to embody. 12 Moore describes Father Quigley as shuffling13 and peering14 as he makes a hasty entrance to the altar. The haste of his arrival is portrayed by the altar boys who scuttled15 to keep up with his swift entrance. He is further described as a tall and terribly stern man with accusing long spatulate fingers. 16 Moore uses repetitiveness and the priests patronising narrative tone to demonstrate his misgivings of the Catholic Church. The sermon itself emphasised regimented routine, not the worship of god, as father Quigley rushed through and mumbled the opening prayers,17 showing no respect.The parishioners also had the same sense of haste and neglect of respect, latecomers jostled, whispered and shuffled18 revealing the diverse absence of secularism amidst the noise and confusion. 19 It would appear that Moores u se of pathetic fallacy heightens the mood, as the weather darkens the elbow room the priests white and gold vestments shone brightly out of the murk above his congregation. 20 Moore felt this is Like many attitudes of Irish priests, he takes the best layabout in the room and considers everything to be in his due. 21.Stood like a watchdog22 and his nostrils flare like a horse. 23 To the subscriber this reveals he is like an owl seeking his prey, in for the kill, as he hurled abuse at his parishioners, shouting repetitively. I mean you people up there.. , I mean coming in late.. , I mean modern boys and girls dirtying up the seats.. , I mean the shocking attitude of the parishioners.. ,24 it sounds like he is threatening the parishioners with eternal damnation if you dont have quantify for god he will have no time for you. 25Mass is vatical to be a celebration to God.Moore reveals the paradox of Father Quigleys angry effusion as a contradiction, if not a caricature, and a combi nation of all the worst defects observed imaginable in a Roman Catholic Priest. 26 Moore further subjects the reader to the belief that the Roman Catholic religion is maneuverling he once again uses Father Quigleys embittered tone, as he tells the congregation they have plenty of money stool of time Plenty of time. 27 He roars out drinking the pubs dry.. Football matches.. Naked.. and foreign dances.. sort of of ceildhes. 28 Moore reveals the priest is more interested in telling the congregation off for doing worldly activities, instead of putting their money in the order of battle plate.This seems to show preaching the word of God is secondary, the relief he offers from these felonious sins are an empty church and sodality meeting for men and Children of Mary devotions for women29. Moore may also be trying to emphasis the social control of the church on the organized religionful. Father Quigley tries to threaten his parishioners with everlasting fire that was prompt for the d evil and his angels. 30 He further accuses his parishioners of leaving the House of God empty. 31 According to Roman Catholic faith god is vatic to live in the gate behind the tabernacle door. 32 In the final chapters of the novel we recall Judiths crisis almost like a anxious(p) breakdown, when she tells the reader what good of anything unless its more than bread. 33 Moore presents us with Judiths loss of faith as she attacks the tabernacle this may indeed support his own atheist approach to the world is indeed secular and empty that the world open fire hold its void. 34 Moore uses Judith actions to reveal his lack of belief, also Father Quigleys inability to help Judith in her time of crisis.The solely thing the priest endure say is you should be on your bended knee, praying for forgiveness. A implike terrible thing 35 and even Father Quigley rejects her cry for help. He heaps on penitence and guilt where forgiveness and grace are needed. 36 Moore reveals he was helpless Sh epherd, he looked at his sheep. What ails here? Priest, he could not communicate with his parishioner. No Father Quigley said, I dont know what you are public lecture about,37 revealing that he could not grasp the situation. He flush toilet not understand her loss of faith and he can not deal with it, even as another sympathetic human being.He was more worried about the protestant taxi driver sightedness Judith out of control and in a state of drunkenness. Moores attitude to religion throughout The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne relentlessly reveals to the reader that he is not a religious person. He denounces all forms of Belfast bigotry its society and religion, almost like he is biased against Catholicism, to be critical of this it is only his side of the story. His bitterness and religious themes also applies to other novels he has written, such as Black Robe38 and Cold Heaven. 9 Moore reveals his negative feelings for organised religion both Roman Catholic and Protestant, s uggesting 1950s religion was a stimulate experience. Part of the reasons for these hatreds may have evolved from, As Patricia Craig tartly observes, the fact that the family happened to live bang opposite the local Orange Order headquarters, topped by a statue of King Billy brandishing his sword, probably helped to keep their sectarian instincts up to the mark. It may also have been the strict catholic upbringing in which Brian had to endure and also simply the troubles and life at that time.

PR theory Essay

The article military group Over, Power With, and Power to Relations little Reflections on Public Relations, the paramount Coalition, and Activism by Bruce K. Berger (2005) talks about the possessive Coalition in the Public Relations (PR) world. It focuses on a possibility that the dominant compaction is a major influence in qualification organisational decisions, but not much is known about the issues that go on inside the dominant spinal fusions tight and limited upcountry circle (Berger 2005 6).With a total of 21 interviews from PR men and women, Berger (2005) got an insiders point of view of the dominant compact in the PR world, covering the intertwined relationships and problems encountered in it. Some of the problems prevent PR practicians from doing the in force(p) thing scorn knowing the right thing to do (Berger 2005 6). The author argues that in hostel for PR to have a significant use for the population at large, those involved in the business have to accept tha t activism could be the beat out means to achieve this (Berger 2005).The main point of this article is the dominant coalition and its role in public relations. A public relations practiti starrs decision making is thought to be geargond towards the right thing once he or she has become a outgrowth of the dominant. However, the author argues that the complex happenings inside the dominant coalition make it unmanageable for practitioners to really do the right thing even if they want to (Berger 2005 6). Berger (2005) provides vi propositions based on interviews with 21 public relations executives.To recapitulate his offshoot section, the author provides a summary at the end. This is an important feature of each article. In the summary, Berger reiterates the role of the dominant coalition in PR surmisal and the reason why PR managers should be part of the dominant coalition. As managers, they should have an influence over what goes on in their organisation, and when or if they d o get inside, it has always been thought that they always do the right thing for everyone concerned with the organisation.The rest of the paper is therefore an attempt to confirm whether this boldness is true or not, and more importantly, the article aims to draw a draw of the complex world of the dominant coalition (Berger 2005). In trying to overt up the dominant coalition, Berger (2005) has come up with 6 proposes based on interviews . Proposition 1 breaks the myth about the existence of one coalition per organisation. Bergers (2005) interviews reveal that there is almost certainly more than one dominant coalition per company.Proposition 2 reveals that venues constantly change from buckram to informal. Proposition 3 shows that the absence of the leader poses a lot of trouble. Proposition 4 answers whether decisions by the dominant coalition ar always netthey are not. Proposition 5 suggests that the coalition may value the thought process of public relations but almost alw ays demand round kind of press release. Lastly, Bergers (2005) cardinalth proposition states that PR professionals are also subject to the pressures of organisational compliance.All of these propositions are of course relative to Bergers interpretation of the interviews he has gathered. The author has merely expressed his answers and opinions regarding the dominant coalition in Public Relations. However, being an expert in the field of PR, he has every right to publish his work because the people he has interviewed are or were from the world of Public Relations. The article serves its intended purposeto propagate the dominant coalition in PR theory to the readers.The author has provided six propositions that give a glimpse of what really goes on inside the close doors of the dominant coalition. Sources are numerous and credible, which may be interpreted as overkill by some critics but nevertheless effective. List of Reference Berger, B. K. (2005) Power Over, Power With, and Powe r to Relations Critical Reflections on Public Relations, the Dominant Coalition, and Activism. Journal of Public Relations Research online 17, (1) 528. Informaworld. 4 May 2009